This subtopic covers Prototyping in Human-Centered Design– the process of creating tangible, simplified versions of a design solution to explore ideas, test functionality, and gather user feedback. Prototypes can range from low-fidelity sketches and paper models to high-fidelity digital simulations or functional mock-ups. The goal of prototyping is to make abstract ideas concrete so that both designers and users can interact with, evaluate, and refine them. Through iterative prototyping, designers gain insights into what works and what needs improvement, ensuring that the final product is both effective and aligned with user needs. See topic 2.4.